| With advancing age, the skeleton bone starts | | | | accompany such as,loss of spinal mobility, |
| maturing with slow rate of bone loss beginning as | | | | breathlessness with reduced lung capacity,reflux |
| early as 30 years of age in both men & | | | | esophagitis with compression of abdomen, fullness |
| women. However, genetic factor plays important | | | | with eating, constipation, & stress |
| role in the regulation of bone mass & in the | | | | incontinence. It has to be managed with long |
| pathogenesis of osteoporosis. | | | | -term use of analgesics, physiotherapy, heat, |
| Osteoporosis is the result of a disequilibrium | | | | ultrasound, & massage. |
| between bone formation & bone | | | | Most hip fractures ( > 90 % ) occur as a |
| reabsorption. Low bone mass & | | | | result of fall, & also about 50% of spine |
| microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue | | | | fractures are related to fall. Fall frequency |
| consequently increases bone fragility & | | | | increases with age. |
| susceptibility to fracture. | | | | Factors that accelerates the process of |
| Osteoporosis is only a major risk factor for | | | | osteoporosis are; acquired inefficiences of calcium |
| fracture, but it is not the only factor. Other | | | | balance,including decreased intake of calcium |
| factors attributing to fractures may be due to | | | | & vitamin D, decreased solar exposure, |
| alcoholism, intake of sedative drugs, cognitive | | | | impaired renal activation of vitamin D, & |
| impairment, lower extremity disability, | | | | intestinal resistance to active vitamin D |
| parkinsonism, dementia, blindness, vertigo. | | | | metabolities. |
| In the early course of disease, there are no | | | | Older individuals frequently have subclinical |
| symptoms. Later stages may be manifested with | | | | vitaminD deficiency, & or secondary |
| loss of height, back pain,& factures. There is | | | | hyperparathyroidism, which may drive osteoclastic |
| noticeable decrease of height with inclination of | | | | bone resorption & bone loss. |
| top half of the body forward & downward, | | | | In females,during menopause oestrogen deficiency |
| referred as stoop. Reduced space between the | | | | increases the rate of bone turnover, & the |
| ribs & pelvic brim causes the abdomen to | | | | imbalance between resorption & formation |
| protrude. | | | | widens. Bone loss accelerates to about 2% per |
| Back pain is a very common feature of | | | | year ( measured by absorptimetric techniques). |
| osteoporosis associated with fracture,particularly | | | | Radiological techniques, such as, bone |
| vertebral fracture.Acute vertebral fracture usually | | | | densitometry, quantitative ultrasound, & |
| presents with sudden onset severe pain felt | | | | radiographic assessment of vertebral fracture |
| diffusely in the back.It can be very painful | | | | status represent essential diagnostic techniques |
| followed with shock, pallor, & vomiting. This | | | | for the assessment of osteoporosis. The |
| condition limits the activities,& the pain is | | | | introduction of DXA ( Dual energy x-ray based |
| aggravated with slightest movements, such as, | | | | absorptiometry ) in daily clinical pratice is a major |
| coughing, sneezing, & straining. It requires | | | | advance in the case-finding of patients at high risk |
| short- term use of opiate analgesics, & bed | | | | for osteoporosis,that predicts the value of bone |
| rest for few days to ameliorate the pain,& | | | | density. Bio-chemical investigation may help to |
| induce early mobilization of the patient. | | | | identity causes of osteoporosis, such as, |
| Chronic vertebral fracture are diagnosed for | | | | testosterone levels in men, & thyroid |
| patients with multiple vertebral deformities with | | | | function tests. |
| complaint of chronic back pain. Related symptoms | | | | |